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2019年诺贝尔化学奖背后的锂电池专利战

专利申请

2019年10月9日,瑞典皇家科学院将2019年诺贝尔化学奖授予美国的John B. Goodenough、英国的Stanley Whittingham以及日本的Akira Yoshino,以表彰他们在锂离子电池研究方面的突出贡献。


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2019年的诺贝尔化学奖实至名归,锂离子电池对现代社会的影响深远,从移动电子到电动汽车都广泛应用。


但是锂离子电池的研究道路却充满了波折,这里面掺杂着专利战、商业间谍、技术产业化竞争等复杂的故事情节。


最先做出锂离子电池的是英国的Stanley Whittingham,他在上世纪70年代开始申请了锂离子电池方面的一系列专利。


US-4007055-A

Preparation of stoichiometric titanium disulfide 

US-4040917-A

Preparation of intercalated chalcogenides 

US-4009052-A

Chalcogenide battery 

US-4049879-A

Intercalated transition metal phosphorus trisulfides 

US-4049887-A

Electrochemical cells with cathode-active materials of layered compounds 

CA-1094777-A

Preparation of stoichiometric titanium disulfide 

US-4086403-A

Alkali metal/niobium triselenide cell having a dioxolane-based electrolyte 

CA-1036535-A

Preparation of intercalated chalcogenides 

US-4143213-A

Cells having cathodes containing chalcogenide compounds of the formula Ma FeXb and species thereof exhibiting alkali metal incorporation 

US-4139682-A

Cells having cathodes derived from ammonium-copper-molybdenum-chalcogen compounds 

US-4144384-A

Cells having cathodes with vanadium-chalcogen-containing compounds 

US-4166160-A

Cells having cathodes derived from ammonium-molybdenum-chalcogen compounds 

US-4201839-A

Cell containing an alkali metal anode, a solid cathode, and a closoborane and/or closocarborane electrolyte 

US-4243624-A

Method of making cathodes derived from ammonium-metal-chalcogen compounds 

US-4233375-A

High energy density plural chalcogenide cathode-containing cell 

CA-1099333-A

Electro chemical cell with titanium disulfide cathode 

US-4339424-A

Method of preparing W or Mo metal oxides 

US-5514490-A

Secondary lithium battery using a new layered anode material 

US-2016365577-A1

Vanadyl phosphates as high energy density cathode materials for rechargeable sodium battery 

US-2017373310-A1

Kvopo4 cathode for sodium ion batteries

US-2019273257-A1

Epsilon-VOPO4 CATHODE FOR LITHIUM ION BATTERIES

Stanley Whittingham的专利


从70年代开始,Stanley Whittingham在锂离子领域申请了几十件专利,最近的一件专利申请还是在2019年公开的,可见其对锂离子电池研究的激情。


但是可惜的是,Stanley Whittingham最初的锂离子电池存在诸多问题,无法商业化。


Stanley Whittingham的基础上,当时还在牛津大学工作的美国科学家Goodenough发现了一种更好的材料氧化钴锂,这一发现直接促使了日本企业将锂电池正式商业化。但离奇的是,当时的牛津大学竟然未对该成果申请专利。日本企业相当于白白使用了这一成果。Goodenough一直在几十年后还对牛津大学的决定懊恼不已。牛津大学的这一决定损失了至少几亿美元的专利许可费。此后,Goodenough在锂电池领域不断改进,最终发明了磷酸铁锂电池,这也是如今电动汽车领域使用最普遍的电池。但这一次Goodenough又在专利上跌了跟头,日本电讯公司将一名员工Osada送到他的实验室当访问研究员,Goodenough后来在法庭上说他是出于友谊答应的,没想到回到日本后Osada偷偷地将相关技术申请了专利,导致Goodenough大为恼火,在美国起诉日本企业窃取知识产权,索赔5亿美元。但是在诉讼进行的过程中,日本企业在锂电池方面早已实现了腾飞。


Goodenough一直90多岁还在做研究,最近的一件专利是在2018年公开了,95岁还在申请专利。他在锂电池方面申请过20多个专利,当然最关键的发明都没有得到多很好的保护,否则Goodenough早已是亿万富豪了。


US-4049891-A

Compositions for fast alkali-metal-ion transport 

US-4302518-A

Electrochemical cell with new fast ion conductors 

US-4507371-A

Solid state cell wherein an anode, solid electrolyte and cathode each comprise a cubic-close-packed framework structure 

US-5910382-A

Cathode materials for secondary (rechargeable) lithium batteries 

DE-6020470-T1

Cathode material for secondary (rechargeable) lithium batteries 

US-6514640-B1

Cathode materials for secondary (rechargeable) lithium batteries 

US-6221812-B1

Jc in high magnetic field of bi-layer and multi-layer structures for high temperature superconductive materials 

WO-2006130766-A2

Cathodes for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries 

US-2012052401-A1

Niobium Oxide Compositions and Methods for Using Same 

US-2014080019-A1

MONOCLINIC Sr1-xAxSi1-yGeyO3-0.5x, WHEREIN A IS K or Na, OXIDE ION CONDUCTOR

US-2015050578-A1

Oxide-ion conductors and related composites and devices 

US-2016351904-A1

Cathode additive for rechargeable lithium batteries 

US-9890048-B2

Water solvated glass/amorphous solid ionic conductors 

US-2017005327-A1

Cathode additive for rechargeable sodium batteries 

US-10236513-B2

Alkali-metal batteries with a dendrite-free anode interfacing an organic liquid electrolyte 

US-2018287222-A1

Self-charging and/or self-cycling electrochemical cells 

WO-2018013485-A1

Self-charging and/or self-cycling electrochemical cells 

US-10381683-B2

Metal plating-based electrical energy storage cell 

US-2019115162-A1

Heat energy-powered electrochemical cells 

US-2018287150-A1

Electrochemical cells with a high voltage cathode 

Goodenough的专利申请


但从知识产权保护方面来说,来自日本的科学家Akira Yoshino是最成功的,他的技术直接推动了锂电池的商业化。Akira Yoshino在锂电池领域一共申请了50多件专利,也为此获得了巨大的商业利益。


US-4226908-A

Water repellent inorganic foam and method for producing the same 

US-4207113-A

Inorganic foam and preparation thereof 

CA-1103405-A

Inorganic foam and preparation thereof 

JP-S60127669-A

Secondary battery 

JP-S60127309-A

Stabilization of n type polyacetylene 

JP-S60127307-A

Electrochemical stabilization of n type polyacetylene 

JP-S60262351-A

Composite negative electrode of secondary battery 

US-4634636-A

Polyacetylene composite 

JP-S61285678-A

Electrochemical method for stabilizing n-type polyacetylene 

EP-0205856-B1

Secondary battery 

JP-S633393-A

Card processing system with display function 

JP-H0422066-A

Nonaqueous secondary battery 

JP-H0574453-A

Organic secondary battery 

JP-H0574452-A

New secondary battery 

JP-H0574436-A

Separator for battery 

JP-H0574461-A

Secondary battery negative electrode 

JP-H0574442-A

Battery separator 

JP-H0574494-A

Nonaqueous secondary battery 

JP-H0574493-A

Secondary battery equipped with safety element 

JP-H0574455-A

Organic electrolyte battery 

JP-H0574485-A

Nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery 

JP-H0585741-A

Method for firing multiple oxide 

JP-H0594822-A

Battery 

JP-H0620672-A

Separator for nonaqueous battery 

WO-9306628-A1

Secondary cell 

JP-H06111805-A

Positive electrode pin for battery 

JP-H06111804-A

Resin sealed positive electrode terminal 

JP-H06111803-A

Positive electrode terminal for battery 

JP-H06111802-A

Positive electrode pin structure 

JP-H0750159-A

Battery with new rupture 

JP-H0750160-A

Positive electrode pin 

AU-655710-B2

.econdary battery 

TW-211084-B

Secondary battery 

JP-H07176302-A

Secondary battery 

JP-H07176303-A

Manufacture of secondary battery electrode 

JP-H08106886-A

Batteries 

JP-H11176996-A

Coated electronic circuit 

JP-2001357724-A

Anti-corrosive overhead wire 

JP-2002020777-A

Grease and aerial power transmission line obtained by using the same 

JP-2004095338-A

Corrosion-protected wire 

JP-2004095337-A

Corrosion proof electric supply cable 

JP-2006324554-A

Fluorine-containing organic sulfonyl imido salt electrolyte, and electrolytic solution and electrochemical component using same 

JP-2006324167-A

Unsymmetrical organic sulfonylimide salt electrolyte, electrolyte solution and electrochemical element using the same 

CA-2662423-C

Polymer electrolyte comprising a ketonic carbonyl group and electrochemical device comprising said electrolyte 

EP-2063436-B1

Polymeric electrolyte, method for production thereof, and electrochemical element 

JP-2009087875-A

High heat radiation electrochemical element and power supply device 

US-9893378-B2

Non-aqueous electrolyte solution and non-aqueous secondary battery 

JP-2013199176-A

Liquid-gas transport vehicle 

JP-2015065050-A

Nonaqueous electrolytic solution, and nonaqueous secondary battery 

JP-2015072805-A

Nonaqueous secondary battery 

JP-2017152085-A

Nonaqueous electrolytic solution and nonaqueous secondary battery 

EP-3467930-A1

Nonaqueous electrolyte and nonaqueous secondary battery 

EP-3279996-B1

Nonaqueous electrolyte and nonaqueous secondary battery 

Akira Yoshino的锂电池专利申请


2019年诺贝尔化学奖也反映了各国的研发思路。欧美更注重原始的创新,日本的基础研究更靠近产业实践。日本企业在锂电池的产业中获得了最大的利益。


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